Difference between revisions of "R.C. Pro-Am II/Game Mechanics"

Revision as of 10:48, 11 April 2018 (view source) Ktwo (Talk | contribs) ← Older edit		Revision as of 11:25, 11 April 2018 (view source) Ktwo (Talk | contribs) (→‎Letters) Newer edit →
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	<u>Race 1</u><br />		<u>Race 1</u><br />
−	Only letter - P1<br /><br />	+	Only one letter - P1<br /><br />
	<u>Race 2</u><br />		<u>Race 2</u><br />
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	<u>Race 7</u><br />		<u>Race 7</u><br />
−	Only letter - P4<br /><br />	+	Only one letter - P4<br /><br />
	<u>Race 9</u><br />		<u>Race 9</u><br />

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Revision as of 11:25, 11 April 2018

Items

- $250. If it's blinking, any car can grab it. Otherwise, only the car with the corresponding color can collect it.

- $100. If it's blinking, any car can grab it. Otherwise, only the car with the corresponding color can collect it.

- $100. If you're equipped with a bought weapon, this item will increase the ammo by 5.

- $100. If you're equipped with a bought weapon, this item will increase the ammo by 1.

- No money. Collect the letters P, R, O, A, M and I (twice) to upgrade the car. The car can be upgraded twice.

- No money, one nitro. Any unused nitro is converted into $250 at the end of a race. If it's blinking, any car can grab it. Otherwise, only the car with the corresponding color can collect it.

- No money, gives either missiles or bombs with unlimited ammo for that race. You can't tell from the question mark if it's one or the other, but the same question mark always contains the same weapon.

- No money, prevents you from crashing after driving through an oil slick. If a car touches another car having the roll cage, it will start spinning and crash if hitting the border of the track. If both cars have the roll cage, nothing happens.

- No money, one continue

Speed

The speed is tracked in RAM-address 0596.

Max speeds

The below table shows how the max speeds increase with the upgrades. The numbers in the motor rows correspond to their additional speed boost.

	Default	1st upgrade	2nd upgrade
Standard	106	114	118
Red	8	8	8
Black	12	12	12
Silver	14	14	14
Gold	16	16	15
Hyper	17	17	16
Mega	19	20	20

In addition to the boost of the speed stats, each new motor also improves the acceleration.

Test of upgrade combinations

A primitive real-time test was made by timing (in frames) one lap of track 6 with different combinations of motors and tires. The green light was used as start of timing and the screen displaying "lap 2" was used as the end point. The completions were retried until they felt "representative" for each combination. They were of course still subject to minor execution mistakes, but should give an idea of what time differences to expect.

	Standard	Skinny	Nooblies	Dynafit	Scoopers
Standard	1438	1376	1361	1361	1346
Red	1336	1296	1269	1257	1265
Black	1268	1261	1248	1238	1206
Silver	1249	1208	1221	1201	1195
Gold	1245	1193	1192	1201	1173
Hyper	1227	1200	1211	1189	1180
Mega	1245	1210	1193	1179	1159

Zippers

Zippers give a speed boost of around 111 tracked in 05B2, which then starts to drop every frame as soon as you leave the zipper (by 1, 1, 1, 0 etc). The boost drop rate is not impacted by obstacles. Very roughly, a zipper saves about one second.

Boosts

The nitro and start boost effects are governed by the same game mechanics. The effect goes through 4 phases (RAM-address 061E):

1. The counter in 0622 counts down from 32 (nitro) or 40 (start boost) by one every frame. When the counter reaches 0, phase 2 begins.
   
2. RAM-address 0626 increases by 8 every frame for 8 frames (so ending at 64). 0626 is effectively what boosts the car.
   
3. 0622 is reset to 32 and starts to count down yet again. When the counter reaches 0, phase 4 begins.
   
4. 0626 decreases by 1 every frame until it reaches 0. This is also the point when a new nitro can be used.
   
   

It's important to note the following things:

• The nitro boost is not affected by obstacles. That means they are extra useful when crossing water, bump sections etc.
• By activating the nitro so you're in phase 2 while entering the obstacle, you can save additional time by not losing as much speed as you otherwise would have.
• A boost saves roughly half a second (of course depending on which upgrades you have).
• Nitros generate additional lag, which should be taken into account when choosing where to use them.

Tires

The tire parameters have been described by FatRatKnight in http://tasvideos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=468257&highlight=#468257.

RNG

The most important RNG-factors in the game are:

• Letters
• Traffic light timing
• Line-up at the start line

All three are determined by a set of RNG-addresses (0756-0759) and a frame counter (043C) when pressing start in the shop. The RNG-algorithm is triggered a few times during the start of a race and can also occasionally also be called during a race. This means real-time manipulation is currently not possible (and likely won't be). There is one exception and that is race 1, which always starts from the same seed and therefore only depends on the frame counter.

Letters

This section is almost completely based on FatRatKnight's analysis, which can be found here: http://tasvideos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=468325#468325

Each individual letter item (to avoid any possible confusion, it's the white boxes with a black letter) is linked to one of six letter addresses (01CD-01D2). These links are static and are described further down. Each letter address is recalculated at the start of every race, regardless of if it's going to be used or not. The letter generation process is as follows:

1. Update RNG-addresses 0756-0759 through a series of calculations with input from 043C (frame counter) used as entropy. The detailed calculation with comments is described in http://tasvideos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=9164
2. Perform an XOR on the "letters collected" address of one of the cars (07A1-07A4) and $FF. Since each letter collected is a binary 1 in the corresponding byte, the result will contain 1 for the bits corresponding to letters not collected by that car.
3. Perform an AND on the result above with 0756. The AND-operation is performed from left to right and stops as soon as it results in a 1.
4. The position of the resulting 1 determines the letter in the order P, R, O, A and M, with the rest always resulting in an I. Write the corresponding result to the letter address.

Observations:

• Only letters not collected by the determining car are possible
• Assuming the RNG-generation algorithm is accurate (which appears to be the case), the probability of possible letters drops by roughly half each step and finally the rest going into I. E.g. if a car has collected the letters P, R and M, the probabilities become O - 50%, A - 25% and I - 25%.
• A letter can never have a probability of >50%, except for I, which can actually be 100% determined if that's the only letter missing.
• Since the letter items will contain the different cars' missing letters, it's an advantage to keep the opponents at roughly the same level as yourself (to the extent possible) since that will increase the chances of spawning letters you need.

The six letter addresses depend on the different cars in the following way:

• 01CD - The XOR operation will be based on car 1's letters (red, address 0741)
• 01CE - Car 2's letters (blue, address 0742)
• 01CF - Car 3's letters (green, address, 0743)
• 01D0 - Car 4's letters (yellow, address 0744)
• 01D1 - Car letters depending on the race. In race 1, it's car 1's letters, in race 2, car 2's etc. Note that the bonus stages count as well. So race 9 will depend on car 2's letters.
• 01D2 - Random car (= depends on the RNG-addresses and therefore not predictable)

The RNG-addresses are updated in-between, which means that 01CD and 01D1 are not necessarily the same in race 1 etc. Below is the link between these letter addresses and the individual letter items in the 15 first races.

Race 1
Only one letter - P1

Race 2
Left side - Random
Left of 3 letters - Race (P2)
Middle of 3 letters - P2
Right of 3 letters - P3

Race 4
Left at zipper - Race (P4)
Right at zipper - P4
Past zipper: P1

Race 6
Lower of 3 letters - P2
Middle of 3 letters - Race (P2)
Upper of 3 letters - P3
First of the left straight - P1
Second of the left straight - Random
Zipper "side pit" - Random

Race 7
Only one letter - P4

Race 9
Upper left - P1
Upper right - P3
Lower left - P2
Lower right - P4

Race 10
Upper right - P3
Left - Race (P3)
Lower right - P2

Race 11
Upper, ice section - P3
Lower, ice section - P2
Right side - Random
Finish line - Random

Race 12
Start - P4
Pit, right side - P4
Between bombs - P1
Pit, left side - Random
Left of 3 letters - P1
Middle of 3 letters - P2
Right of 3 letters - P3

Race 13
Only letter - Race (P2)

Race 14
Left of the first group of 3 letters - P1
Middle of the first group of 3 letters - P2
Right of the first group of 3 letters - P3
Left of the second group of 3 letters - P1
Middle of the second group of 3 letters - P2
Right of the second group of 3 letters - P3
Finish line - P4

Race 15
Right side, upper right - P1
Right side, middle left - P2
Right side, middle right - P3
Right side, lower right - P3
Left side - P4

Observations:

• If two letter items draw their content from the same letter address, they will also always be identical. E.g there is no need to skip the zipper in race 6 and try to collect the letter instead since it will always be the same as the last letter on the left side (unless of course it was an I and you need one more).
• Some of the letter items will rarely or never be collected by the cpu cars. By prioritizing collecting these and leave some of the easy-to-collect letters to the cpus, you'll end up being more even with them, which will result in a higher chance of the upcoming letters being the ones you're looking for.
• There doesn't appear to be any particular pattern or structure to which letter item depends on which letter address.

As mentioned above, the letters in race 1 only depend on the frame counter in 043C. The table below shows the 256 different possible results:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

0-15

R

R

P

P

P

P

A

O

R

R

16-31

P

P

P

P

P

M

O

R

R

P

P

P

32-47

P

P

O

O

R

R

P

P

P

P

48-63

A

O

R

R

P

P

P

P

I

O

O

64-79

R

R

P

P

P

P

A

O

R

R

80-95

P

P

P

P

M

A

R

R

P

P

P

96-111

P

P

M

O

R

R

P

P

P

P

112-127

A

O

R

R

P

P

P

P

I

A

O

128-143

R

R

P

P

P

P

I

O

R

R

R

144-159

P

P

P

P

A

O

R

R

P

P

160-175

P

P

M

P

R

R

P

P

P

P

P

176-191

O

O

R

R

P

P

P

P

A

O

192-207

R

R

P

P

P

P

I

A

R

R

R

208-223

P

P

P

P

M

O

R

R

P

P

R

224-239

P

M

O

R

R

P

P

P

P

P

240-255

A

O

R

R

P

P

P

P

I

O

O

Some observations:

• P - 85, R - 43, O - 21, A - 10, M - 6 and I - 5 (and non-valid - 86). This corresponds extremely well with the "50%" probability decay, described above.
• Roughly one third of the frames are not valid (= nothing happens when you press a button on these frames).
• There doesn't appear to be any structure to the letters. There are no "islands" with one letter that would make it easy to get that particular one.
• Since the same RNG appears to govern different elements, you can already from the start get an indication of the value of 043C the race began on by looking at the order of the cars at the line-up.

As already mentioned higher up, similar tables can be made from a save state for the other tracks as well. Unfortunately, this won't be of any value in a real-time attempt, since the RNG-seed at that point won't be predictable.

Traffic lights

The timing of the traffic lights can be seen in 06E2.

1. The frame before the traffic lights appear on screen, 06E2 is set to 16. It then counts down by one every frame.
2. At 0, 06E2 is reset to 32 and starts to count down again. The first traffic light is lit.
3. At 0, 06E2 is reset to an RNG-value (observed to be between 24 to 86, but slightly smaller/bigger values might be possible as well). The second light is now lit.
4. At 0 (or actually one frame after), the green light is lit.

Since this follows the letter RNG, it's not possible with the current knowledge to predict the timing of the green light (other than to some extent on race 1). The start boost bonus is important at the beginning for quickly getting better equipment, some empirical tests have been made on some of the first races. The tests for each race was done from the same save state, but with 30 different values of the RNG-counter in 043C.

It's difficult to draw any form of conclusion from this graph. The times are fairly well scattered.

It's difficult to draw any form of conclusion from this graph. The times are fairly well scattered.

It's difficult to draw any form of conclusion from this graph. The times are fairly well scattered. The many occurrences at 62 frames is somewhat surprising. It would need to be confirmed by a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanics or a bigger test to say if this is a coincidence or not though.

Speed boost timing

The time window for getting the start boost appears to be linked to the race you're on. The first four races, which are the most important, have the following windows:

1. 15
2. 15
3. 14
4. 12

It looks like all the races after #4 (except 25, 28 and 31, which are copies of 1, 2 and 3, respectively) also have a time window of 12 frames for getting the start boost. However, if any of the other cars accelerate before you and within the "start boost time window", they will get the boost and you will not. It seems that the cpus get better and better to react as the game progresses, so it will be more and more difficult to get the start boost for that reason.

Menu navigation

• After a race, when the result screens are showing, you only need to press start once. This is possible as soon as the screen turns black after the race.
• Once the map screen has been shown for 10 frames, it can be clicked away by any button. Roughly every third frame is a blank though. So a good idea is to press two buttons almost at once to decrease the chances of getting stuck on blank frames.
• The drag race screen can be clicked away after 47 frames and then (roughly?) every third frame is a blank.
• The tug-o-truck screen can be clicked away after 46 frames and then (roughly?) every third frame is a blank.
• A merchandise can be selected (A or B) two frames before it's selected/shown and then every frame without blanks.
• A motor buy takes at least 55 frames (for the first one available).
• It costs an additional 28 frames for each menu jump, regardless of it's the outer or one of the inner menus.
• After 22 frames on the shop screen, your current motor type will be displayed. If you enter the motor menu after this point, you'll go directly to the next motor upgrade. However, if you enter the motor menu before your current motor type is shown, you'll be at the red motor and will have to navigate more menu items and lose time overall.
  
  

RAM addresses

For player-specific stats, the neighboring addresses contain the corresponding stats of the opponents.

• 0596 - Car speed
• 05B2 - Zipper boost
• 0748 - Nitros
• 0626 - Nitro boost (see section about nitros)
• 061E - Nitro phase (see section about nitros)
• 0622 - Nitro counter (see section about nitros)
• 043C - Frame counter giving input to the RNG (letters/line-up/traffic light9
• 0756-0759 - RNG-addresses
• 01CD-01D2 - Letter addresses. 103 - P, 104 - R etc. (see section about letters)
• 06E2 - Traffic light countdown timer
• 0700 - Motor type (0-6, where 0 is the standard motor and 6 is the Mega motor)
• 0704 - Tyre type (0-4, where 0 is the standard tires and 4 is the Scoopers tires)
• 0710 - Car upgrade (0-2, where 0 is standard and 2 is the 2nd car upgrade)
• 075B - Small money address. Value multiplied by 10.
• 075F - Big money address. Value multiplied by 2560.
• 07A1 - Letters collected. P is worth 64, R 32, O 16, A 8, M 4, the first I 2 and the second I is worth 1. This adds up to 127. When you enter the shop with a value of 127, you'll get the first upgrade and the value changes to 128. Once you reach 255 (128+127), you'll get the second car upgrade and the value is set to 253 for the rest of the game.
• 0728/072C/0730/0734/0738/073C/0740/0744 - Buckshots/Missiles/Bombs/Lazers/Freezes/Mega Pulses/Shields/Slicks
• 059E - Angle of the car. -33 is N and 33 is E (with reference to the screen, not the isometric view of the track).
• 0531/052C - Big/Small x-position of the car (with reference to the screen). Positive to the right.
• 053B/0536 - Big/Small y-position of the car (with reference to the screen). Positive down.

More addresses are listed in http://tasvideos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=9164